Women Executives Essay -- essays research papers

Women Executives Even though women constitute 40% of all executives and administrative posts (up from 24% in 1976), they are still restricted mostly to the middle and lower positions, and the senior levels of management are almost entirely male domains. A 1990 study of the top Fortune 500 companies by Mary Ann Von Glinow of the University of Southern California, showed that "women were only 2.6% of corporate officers (the vice presidential level up)." Of the Fortune Service 500, only 4.3% of the corporate officers were women - even though women are 6l% of all service workers. Even more disturbing is that these numbers have "shown little improvement in the 25 years that these statistics have been tracked". (University of Michigan, Korn/Ferry International). What this means is that at the present rate of increase, it will be 475 years - or not until 2466 before women reach equality with men in the executive suite. This scenario is not any better on corporate boards. Only 4.5% of the Fortune 500 industrial directorships are held by women. On Fortune Service 500 companies, 5.6% of corporate directors are women. The rate of increase is so slow that parity with men on corporate boards will not be achieved until the year 2116 - or for 125 years. (The Feminist Majority Foundation News Media Publishing Inc., 1995) In 1980, only one woman held the rank of CEO of a Fortune 500 company. This woman came into the top management by inheriting the company from her father and husband. In 1985, this executive was joined by a second woman who reached the top - by founding the company she headed. Even though the newspapers are reporting that women have come a long way and are successful in the corporate world, women are banging into a "glass ceiling" that is "so subtle that it is transparent, yet so strong that it prevents women from moving up the corporate hierarchy". (Ann Morrison, The Feminist Majority Foundation and News Media, Inc, 1955) Women can see the high- level corporate positions but are kept from reaching the top. According to Morrison (http//www.feminist.org/research/ewb glass.ntml.) and her colleagues, the glass ceiling is not simply a barrier for an individual, based on the person/s inability to handle a higher-level job. Rather, the glass ceiling applies to women as a group who are kept from advancing higher because th... ...mily, women are not as serious about their careers, women are not suited for top management because they are not aggressive enough and lack the self confidence required for the top jobs - to mention a few.) These myths seem work to keep women in their place and to justify the lack of progress for women. Worse yet, these myths often place blame on women rather than on sex discrimination. Men in corporate management tend not to perceive discrimation as a real problem, thereby making it virtually impossible to implement effective remedies. White men have ranked problems encountered by women executives as insignificant compared to how women ranked them. Therefore, without constant pressure from the outside and strong legal remedies, the very real problems of race and sex discrimination in the executive suite may never be adequately addressed. Even though feminists have fought to establish and vigorously enforce guidelines and laws prohibiting sex discrimination in employment, women feel they are a long way from equality in the ranks of American business. They feel that further gains depend on getting more feminists into decision-making positions and creating new strategies for change.

Decentralisation of Retailing Essay

Decentralisation is the process in which the population, retail and industry moves from urban CBD’s to the outer city. An out of town shopping centre is a group of shops and facilities that are located away from a town’s CBD. This movement will have positive and negative impacts on both the urban area and the outer city, where the out of town centres are built. The decentralisation of retailing and other services is happening because In order to sell goods, shops need to be located where people can get to them easily and its seen as easier to go to an out of town shopping centre than go to the CBD of a city. An advantage of this includes the social advantage is that there are many more free car parking spaces at out of town centres, whereas in a CBD parking is usually very hard to find and when it is found it is far away from the shops. This encourages shoppers to go to the out of town shopping centres as it is either more convenient, or cheaper. This also encourages fa milies to go as the shops and facilities are a lot closer to the car parking spaces and their children and the elderly have less distance to walk. An economic advantage is that as a lot of shops and facilities open, more jobs will become available for the local people. This would help the local area because it would lower the amount of people claiming benefits from the government. This would also positively impact the government because they’d receive more money from taxes and have to pay out less in benefits. Another social advantage is that there is a variety of shops that are all in one area. This benefits the people who go there because they won’t have to spend a long time walking to different shops. Also due to all of the facilities in the area, it makes a day out more enjoyable because the customers have more available activities, such as cinemas, coffee shops and in some cases mini golf. There are also many disadvantages of out of town shopping centres. A disadvantage to the economy and environment is that the out of town shopping centres take customers away from the CBD, which would lead to some shops being forced to close. This often leads to the city centre becoming run down. This would harm the environment because it would look unappealing and it becomes a waste of green space. The closure of these shops also would mean that a lot of people would lose their jobs, which means that the government would receive less money through taxes and would even lose money if the unemployed people went on benefits. An economic disadvantage is that along with the shops in the CBD, the small businesses  that are near the out of town shopping centre will suffer and possibly be forced to close. This would also lead to people losing their jobs and would mean that the government get less money through taxes. A social disadvantage is that the construction of the centre may upset some residents, due to the high levels of noise and the inevitable road congestion. An environmental disadvantage is that the shopping centre could be built on green-belt land. Also the construction could destroy wildlife habitats. Another social disadvantage is that the crime rate in the CBD will increase as it becomes more run down and people lose their jobs. This will give the area a bad reputation, lowering the chances of further investments from the government and also lowering the chances of more people buying houses there, meaning that less money goes into the economy. The decentralisation of retailing and other services also has positive and negative impacts on the city centre. A negative impact is that urban deprivation could occur. Urban deprivation is when the standard of living in an urban area drops due to the area becoming run down. This could happen to the area because the shops lose customers to the out of town shopping centre. This causes the shops in the CBD to close and the people who worked there become unemployed, then these people are forced to claim benefits from the government, which means that the government don’t have the money to invest in the CBD. This then leads to an increase in crime, which makes the area look far more unappealing and gives it a poor reputation. Some of the shops in the CBD are also unable to compete with the out of town shopping centre because they can’t offer free parking, whereas the centre can. This free parking can have a massive influence on where the customers go. However, a positive impact is that the area has a lot less cars running through it, which leads to little congestion and little noise and air pollution. This would ensure that the environment of the area would be less polluted then what it would be if the shops were still successful. It also makes the area a lot more peaceful for the locals who live there. I strongly agree with this statement because the above shows some of the positive and negative impacts it can have on urban areas, which are major impacts so therefore, out of tow shopping centres are affecting the CBDs in many ways.

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Free Essays on Women & Cutting

Opinion/ Research Paper Best Kept Secret of the Blade The least talked about of all disorders, and addictions among women is cutting. The question I would like to answer is what are the reasons that these women are cutting themselves? Many of the reasons women are cutting themselves are interwoven, just as the systems of oppression are.I believe that the main reason so many women are cutting themselves is because they are basing their self worth on things that are ever changing, and completely disconnected from reality. These women are craveing something that is real, that is an outlet for their pain, but most of all the control of our own pain that comes from cutting. These women that I speak of are not some abstract statistic they are your mother, your teacher, your daughter, your next door neighbor, your best friend, or the girl who sits next to you in class. I am one of â€Å"these women† and I would like to start off with an autobiographical account of my own experience with cutting. Many of the reasons are interwoven, just as our systems of oppression are, so in order to get a real understanding of my experience with this disorder I must reveal a little of my past and the forces that led me to cut myself. I grew up in extreme poverty. My family of seven lived off of welfare, food stamps, free lunches and my stepfathers part time low paying job. With all of our sources of income combined we were living off of less than $12, 000 per year. I was ashamed of being poor and took every measure possible to cover it up and not let anyone know the real financial standing of my family. All this time I was forced to internalize the feelings of worthlessness, and shame. Another key factor that played into the cause of my cutting was my biological father. He is a practicing drug addict and has been absent for most of my life. The times that he was in my life were very abusive, and I was exposed to a lot of things a young child shou... Free Essays on Women & Cutting Free Essays on Women & Cutting Opinion/ Research Paper Best Kept Secret of the Blade The least talked about of all disorders, and addictions among women is cutting. The question I would like to answer is what are the reasons that these women are cutting themselves? Many of the reasons women are cutting themselves are interwoven, just as the systems of oppression are.I believe that the main reason so many women are cutting themselves is because they are basing their self worth on things that are ever changing, and completely disconnected from reality. These women are craveing something that is real, that is an outlet for their pain, but most of all the control of our own pain that comes from cutting. These women that I speak of are not some abstract statistic they are your mother, your teacher, your daughter, your next door neighbor, your best friend, or the girl who sits next to you in class. I am one of â€Å"these women† and I would like to start off with an autobiographical account of my own experience with cutting. Many of the reasons are interwoven, just as our systems of oppression are, so in order to get a real understanding of my experience with this disorder I must reveal a little of my past and the forces that led me to cut myself. I grew up in extreme poverty. My family of seven lived off of welfare, food stamps, free lunches and my stepfathers part time low paying job. With all of our sources of income combined we were living off of less than $12, 000 per year. I was ashamed of being poor and took every measure possible to cover it up and not let anyone know the real financial standing of my family. All this time I was forced to internalize the feelings of worthlessness, and shame. Another key factor that played into the cause of my cutting was my biological father. He is a practicing drug addict and has been absent for most of my life. The times that he was in my life were very abusive, and I was exposed to a lot of things a young child shou...

Oedipus the King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Oedipus the King - Essay Example Both need the company of each other to satisfy their desires. This connection further generates many relationships between man and woman which show the interdependence of each gender on the other. This man-woman relationship has become a part of the thematic content of the play â€Å"The Piano Lesson† where women of the family have been shown as strong combining force which has brought the family together. Apart from that the play has tried to dispel traditional notions that women cannot live without men as the protagonist of the play, Berniece has proves that she can live alone in this world and has the capacity of run her family without the aid of any male member. The play shows Berniece a woman without a man. Her husband Crawley is dead long ago and now she is living a lonely life. The play depicts the plight of lonely woman in the world. Male dominated thinking scorns at the idea of seeing woman living on their own. This traditional thought believes that women are weaker s ex and they cannot live on their own. They need the company of a strong man who is always there to protect them and take their side. The idea of world where women are strong and independent is not entertained in a male dominated society. The world of Berniece seems to be a male dominated world. In this world woman is taken as a toy whose only job is to please its male companion. Woman is considered inferior to man. It was though that serious decisions of life cannot be taken by women as they were looked upon as emotional and frail beings. This thought makes Boy Willie take the decision of selling the Piano in place of a piece of land. He in order to fulfill his masculine dreams of becoming a land owner is willing to sacrifice all that is so dear to his family. He does not care about the opinion of his sister. Biased views of men about women Men have a biased view of women and they think that women are meant for men’s pleasure. The following remarks of Boy Willie show what men think of women. Boy Willie: "All [Lymon] want to talk about is women. [†¦] Talking about all the women he gonna get when he get up here." (1.1.94). The remarks summarize the philandering nature of Lymon who is always in search of nightstands. His affair with grace has been depicted during the course of the play. Winning boy sells his suit to Lymon by telling him that the suit has magical powers and can attract women. The men of the story think that the women of the story like typical women are in search of male companions with huge sum of money with them. The financial security ensured by male members of the society is a common notion held by patriarchal ideology. They think that men are the breadwinners and women are their pleasure toys. Doaker, a mature person , also thinks that women remain in search of a man with a stuffed purse. They show love and affection for rich men and are delighted in their company. He remarks. "I ain't thinking about them women. [†¦] All them women want is somebody with a steady payday" (1.1.179). Woman as a cohesive force in family Home is the domain of woman where she tries to act as a cohesive force to combine her family. She does this through her sacrificial behavior and is willing to shed her bled for her family. In a fond memory of her woman ancestor, Berniece recalls how the women of the family took care of piano ( a symbol of family cohesion) through their tears and blood. Berniece says, "Mama Ola polished this piano with her tears for

Online Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Online Communication - Essay Example 207-212). Online communication has become the major and most significant advancement in human communication after the development of printing press. Communication through Short Messaging Service (SMS) Communication through mobile phone text messages is the most slang and commonly used online communication protocol. Since only 160 characters are allowed in a single SMS, application of brief letters and lesser number of words are used to overcome time and space constraints. The main aim is to ease the communication as much as possible. No doubt, SMS has been enhancing communication and global business in general terms but on the other hand, it has been harmful for language proficiency of the learners. Learners mix up the SMS language with the Standard English language committing numerous errors like that of grammar, punctuation etc. Impact of SMS Language on English Language and Education The influence of SMS language on learner’s language proficiency and especially in official work like assignments, reports, has been widely noticed. The use of SMS language has influenced badly on the performance of students, since they are not observing the grammatical rules of English language. It has influenced the educational field largely as people have now become habitual of using short forms even in official notifications, circulars, etc. Educators use short forms as they find it convenient in usage, and the language used in acceptable as well. There are numerous examples of such official notifications, such as: Notification: To all members, there is an emergency meeting to be held at the Conference Hall between 9.15 to 11. See you There!! B on time. The educators should try to eliminate slang and short form of SMS language from official work, and try promoting the actual English language as much as possible. Communication through Social Networking Sites The last 20 years or so have brought significant modification in communication. The ‘response time’ has dropped significantly and communication has become shorter as well as regular (Warschauer, 2001, pp. 207-212). Moreover, instant messaging is yet another interaction tool where style of interaction is more conversational and length of messages is shorter. Broadcast technologies, such as Twitter, have changed communication to news, by letting users post short messages about what are they doing or experiencing; these posts can be related to anything including enjoyment, academics, work life, and / or social activities. It is often regarded as the cousin of instant messaging; a tool for social networking, learning activities, and showing creativity, which is not being used to its maximum potential Anon., 2007). Pear Analytics - an American market research company - reported that around 40 % of posts on Twitter are nothing but â€Å"pointless babble† (Anon., 2007). Even though the results provided by this report are supported in individual judgments of people, it sheds light on the usage of Twitter. Not only Twitter but also all social media sites must be seen as revolutionary not vague in their design, but also in their re design as there is no rules or limits on how you want to use it. Clive Thompson (2007, pp. 7) has classified this phenomenon as â€Å"social proprioception. It explains where the nodes of our community are and provides a sense of connectedness to and awareness of others without direct